{"id":232043,"date":"2026-06-22T13:51:34","date_gmt":"2026-06-22T11:51:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/europeancourt.org\/?page_id=232043"},"modified":"2026-06-23T15:56:06","modified_gmt":"2026-06-23T13:56:06","slug":"2018-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/europeancourt.org\/en\/documents\/interpol\/commission-control-files\/decision-excerpts\/2018-2\/","title":{"rendered":"CCF Decision No. 2 (2018)"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"ccf-decision-meta\">\n<p><strong>Tags:<\/strong> Trial in absentia; Private matter; International interest and seriousness; Lack of action for extradition; Unfunded cheques<br \/><strong>Decision:<\/strong> Compliant<br \/><strong>Data type:<\/strong> Red Notice<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h1 class=\"u-text-center\">Decision of the Commission<\/h1>\n<p>The Commission for the Control of INTERPOL\u2019s Files (the Commission), \u2026<\/p>\n<p>Having deliberated in camera during its \u2026 session, on\u2026, delivered the following Decision.<\/p>\n<div class=\"betweendivs\"><a class=\"mybutton blue\" href=\"#\" onclick=\"openall();event.preventDefault();\">Expand all<\/a> <a class=\"mybutton blue\" href=\"#\" onclick=\"closeall();event.preventDefault();\">Collapse all<\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"su-accordion su-u-trim h-toaccordion includetocloseall\">\n<div class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-default su-spoiler-icon-plus h-toaccordion includetocloseall\" data-anchor=\"section-i\" data-scroll-offset=\"50\" data-anchor-in-url=\"yes\"><div class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span><h2>I. Procedure<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">\n<p>1. On\u2026, the Applicant lodged a request for access and for the deletion of the data concerning him registered in INTERPOL\u2019s files, addressed to the Commission. Following the submission of all the required documents in accordance with <a href=\"https:\/\/europeancourt.org\/en\/documents\/interpol\/commission-control-files\/operating-rules\/#rule-10\" title=\"Rule 10 of the Operating Rules of the Commission for the Control of INTERPOL\u2019s Files\">Article 10 of the Operating Rules of the Commission<\/a>, the request was found admissible, and the Commission informed him on \u2026.<\/p>\n<p>2. The National Central Bureau of INTERPOL (NCB) of Country A was consulted on the possibility to disclose information to the Applicant and on arguments set forth in the complaint, as well as on other issues raised by the Commission on its own motion, in accordance with Article 5(e,4) of the Rules on the Control of Information and Access to INTERPOL\u2019s files (RCI). \u2026<\/p>\n<p>3. As of 11 March 2017, the Commission continued the study of the Applicant\u2019s request under the Statute of the Commission (CCF Statute) which abrogated and replaced the RCI on that date.<\/p>\n<p>4. In accordance with <a href=\"https:\/\/europeancourt.org\/en\/documents\/interpol\/commission-control-files\/statute\/#article-34\" title=\"Article 34 of the Statute of the Commission for the Control of INTERPOL\u2019s Files\">Article 34(1) of the Statute of the Commission<\/a> (CCF Statute), the National Central Bureau of INTERPOL (NCB) of Country A was consulted on arguments set forth in the complaint and made additional submissions.<\/p>\n<p>5. On \u2026, the Commission informed the Applicant and the NCB of Country A that it should study the case during its \u2026 session.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-default su-spoiler-icon-plus h-toaccordion includetocloseall su-spoiler-closed\" data-anchor=\"section-ii\" data-scroll-offset=\"50\" data-anchor-in-url=\"yes\"><div class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span><h2>II. Facts<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">\n<p>6. The Applicant is a national of Country B, and he used to work as a businessperson in Country A.<\/p>\n<p>7. He is the subject of five different red notices issued at the request of the NCB of Country A, all of them for the same charges of \u2018Uttering unfunded cheques\u2019. The summary of facts, as recorded in the Red Notices, are the following: \u2026<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-default su-spoiler-icon-plus h-toaccordion includetocloseall su-spoiler-closed\" data-anchor=\"section-iii\" data-scroll-offset=\"50\" data-anchor-in-url=\"yes\"><div class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span><h2>III. The Applicant\u2019s Request<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">\n<p>8. The Applicant requested access to the data concerning him registered in INTERPOL\u2019s files, as well as its deletion.<\/p>\n<p>9. In both his original complaint and his subsequent submissions, presented by different lawyers, he contends in essence that:<\/p>\n<p class=\"u-indent-1\">a) the purpose of the red notices has already been achieved as his location is known,<\/p>\n<p class=\"u-indent-1\">b) the case is not of a criminal but rather of a civil nature,<\/p>\n<p class=\"u-indent-1\">c) the proceedings do not respect the principles of due process and human rights;<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-default su-spoiler-icon-plus h-toaccordion includetocloseall su-spoiler-closed\" data-anchor=\"section-iv\" data-scroll-offset=\"50\" data-anchor-in-url=\"yes\"><div class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span><h2>IV. Applicable Legal Framework<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">\n<p>10. Field of competence of the Commission:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"u-list-indent\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/europeancourt.org\/en\/documents\/interpol\/constitution\/#article-36\" title=\"Article 36 of the Constitution of the ICPO-INTERPOL\">Article 36 of INTERPOL\u2019s Constitution<\/a> states that the Commission shall ensure that the processing of personal data by the Organization is in compliance with the regulations the Organization establishes in this matter\u2019.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/europeancourt.org\/en\/documents\/interpol\/commission-control-files\/statute\/#article-3\" title=\"Article 3 of the Statute of the Commission for the Control of INTERPOL\u2019s Files\">Article 3(1)(a)<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/europeancourt.org\/en\/documents\/interpol\/commission-control-files\/statute\/#article-33\" title=\"Article 33 of the Statute of the Commission for the Control of INTERPOL\u2019s Files\">Article 33(3)<\/a> of the Statute of the Commission establish that the powers of the Commission are limited to controlling whether the processing of data in INTERPOL\u2019s files meets INTERPOL\u2019s applicable legal requirements.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>11. Purpose of a red notice:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"u-list-indent\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/europeancourt.org\/en\/documents\/interpol\/rules-processing-data\/#article-82\" title=\"Article 82 of INTERPOL\u2019s Rules on the Processing of Data\">Article 82 of the RPD<\/a> states that \u2018Red Notices are published (\u2026) in order to seek the location of a wanted person and his\/her detention, arrest or restriction of movement for the purpose of extradition, surrender, or similar lawful action.\u2019<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/europeancourt.org\/en\/documents\/interpol\/rules-processing-data\/#article-10\" title=\"Article 10 of INTERPOL\u2019s Rules on the Processing of Data\">Article 10 of the Rules on the Processing of Data<\/a> (RPD) states that data shall be processed in the INTERPOL Information System for a specific purpose. <a href=\"https:\/\/europeancourt.org\/en\/documents\/interpol\/rules-processing-data\/#article-34\" title=\"Article 34 of INTERPOL\u2019s Rules on the Processing of Data\">Article 34(1)<\/a> requires that processing of data is authorized \u2018pursuant to applicable national laws and international conventions\u2019.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>12. Offenses for which a red notice may not be published:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"u-list-indent\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/europeancourt.org\/en\/documents\/interpol\/rules-processing-data\/#article-83\" title=\"Article 83 of INTERPOL\u2019s Rules on the Processing of Data\">Article 83.1(a,i) of INTERPOL\u2019s Rules on the Processing of Data<\/a> (RPD) states that \u2018red notices may not be published for offences relating to private matters and for offences originating from a violation of laws or regulations of an administrative nature, unless the criminal activity is aimed at facilitating a serious crime or is suspected of being connected to organized crime\u2019.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>13. Compliance with human rights:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"u-list-indent\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/europeancourt.org\/en\/documents\/interpol\/constitution\/#article-2\" title=\"Article 2 of the Constitution of the ICPO-INTERPOL\">Article 2(1) of INTERPOL\u2019s Constitution<\/a> states that the Organisation should \u2018ensure and promote the widest possible mutual assistance between all criminal police authorities within the limits of the laws existing in the different countries and in the spirit of the <a href=\"https:\/\/europeancourt.org\/en\/documents\/un\/universal-declaration-of-human-rights\/\" title=\"Universal Declaration of Human Rights\">Universal Declaration of Human Rights<\/a>\u2019.<\/li>\n<li>Article 34 of the RPD requires that \u2018the National Central Bureau (\u2026) shall ensure that the data are in compliance with Article 2 of the Organization\u2019s Constitution, and also that it is authorized to record such data pursuant to applicable national laws and international conventions and to the fundamental human rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights\u2019.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-default su-spoiler-icon-plus h-toaccordion includetocloseall su-spoiler-closed\" data-anchor=\"section-v\" data-scroll-offset=\"50\" data-anchor-in-url=\"yes\"><div class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span><h2>V. Findings<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">\n<p>14. In reviewing the issues raised, the Commission based its findings on information provided by the RP, the NCBs concerned and INTERPOL\u2019s General Secretariat.<\/p>\n<p>15. The Commission decided to address the Applicant\u2019s contentions in the order in which they are described in <a href=\"#section-iii\" title=\"Section III of INTERPOL\u2019s CCF Decision No. 2 (2018)\">paragraph 9<\/a> above.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"su-spoiler-title ec-fake-spoiler-heading u-indent-1\" id=\"section-v-a\">A. Lack of Purpose<\/h3>\n<div class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-default su-spoiler-icon-plus h-toaccordion includetocloseall u-indent-2 su-spoiler-closed\" data-anchor=\"section-v-a-a\" data-scroll-offset=\"50\" data-anchor-in-url=\"yes\"><div class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span><h4>a) The Applicant<\/h4><\/div><div class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">\n<p>16. The Applicant states that the publication of the notices against him was not justified, as his location in Country B was already known to the prosecution authorities of Country A. He argues that the data concerning him should be cancelled, as the purpose for which they had been registered has been already achieved.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-default su-spoiler-icon-plus h-toaccordion includetocloseall u-indent-2 su-spoiler-closed\" data-anchor=\"section-v-a-b\" data-scroll-offset=\"50\" data-anchor-in-url=\"yes\"><div class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span><h4>b) The NCB of Country A (NCB source of the Data)<\/h4><\/div><div class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">\n<p>17. In reply to the Applicant\u2019s claim, the NCB of Country A indicated that it has never been notified of the Applicant\u2019s arrest by any INTERPOL Member States since the publication of the red notices. Moreover, the NCB of Country A indicated that it contacted the NCB of Country B to inquire about the possible whereabouts of the Applicant, but that Country B\u2019s authorities declined all cooperation requests.<\/p>\n<p>18. The NCB of Country A insisted that it was willing to seek the Applicant\u2019s extradition from any country where the Applicant would be arrested and where that avenue would be legally available.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-default su-spoiler-icon-plus h-toaccordion includetocloseall u-indent-2 su-spoiler-closed\" data-anchor=\"section-v-a-c\" data-scroll-offset=\"50\" data-anchor-in-url=\"yes\"><div class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span><h4>c) Findings of the Commission<\/h4><\/div><div class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">\n<p>19. The Commission recalled that the purpose of a red notice is not only to locate a person, but also to request his\/her provisional arrest in view of extradition. The fact that the Applicant\u2019s location is known to Country A\u2019s authorities does not undermine as such the lawfulness of the Red Notice.<\/p>\n<p>20. However, INTERPOL\u2019s rules require that the requesting NCB takes appropriate step to achieve the purpose for which the red notice was issued, i.e. to seek the arrest in view of extradition of the individual concerned, or provides reasonable grounds for the lack of action of its country. In this regard, the information provided by the NCB of Country A and the information registered in INTERPOL\u2019s files highlight that the authorities in Country A have taken steps to respect their obligations under applicable law, and to request cooperation from Country B\u2019s authorities.<\/p>\n<p>21. After consideration of the argument of the NCB of Country A that to date, no member state has sent notification of the Applicant\u2019s detention, the Commission finds that the Applicant\u2019s argument was not sufficient to consider that there is no genuine willingness of Country A\u2019s authorities to respect their obligations under applicable law. The Commission therefore concludes that the red notices issued at the request of the NCB of Country A against the Applicant still have a valid purpose.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"su-spoiler-title ec-fake-spoiler-heading u-indent-1\" id=\"section-v-b\">B. Lack of Criminal Nature<\/h3>\n<div class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-default su-spoiler-icon-plus h-toaccordion includetocloseall u-indent-2 su-spoiler-closed\" data-anchor=\"section-v-b-a\" data-scroll-offset=\"50\" data-anchor-in-url=\"yes\"><div class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span><h4>a) The Applicant<\/h4><\/div><div class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">\n<p>22. The Applicant claims that the offence is linked to a private dispute resulting from his \u2026, which should be resolved before civil courts and not through criminal suits against him.<\/p>\n<p>23. He claims that he attempted to obtain a private resolution with \u2026, and that no evidence of his alleged fraudulent intention has ever been presented by the prosecution.<\/p>\n<p>24. He therefore argues that the red notices published against him on the basis of the offence of \u2018Uttering unfunded cheques\u2019 contradict the provisions of <a href=\"https:\/\/europeancourt.org\/en\/documents\/interpol\/rules-processing-data\/#article-83\" title=\"Article 83 of INTERPOL\u2019s Rules on the Processing of Data\">Article 83.a(i) of the RPD<\/a> in so far as they concern offences deriving from private disputes.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-default su-spoiler-icon-plus h-toaccordion includetocloseall u-indent-2 su-spoiler-closed\" data-anchor=\"section-v-b-b\" data-scroll-offset=\"50\" data-anchor-in-url=\"yes\"><div class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span><h4>b) The NCB of Country A<\/h4><\/div><div class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">\n<p>25. In its reply, the NCB of Country A confirmed the validity of the proceedings and of the court decision. It further explained that the charge \u2018Uttering an unfunded cheque\u2019 is a criminal offence according to their national legislation.<\/p>\n<p>26. Moreover, the NCB of Country A underlined that the Applicant is wanted in connection with a large number of unfunded cheques, in different criminal cases registered in Country A, and that the Commission should take into account the repetition of the criminal activities concerned in its assessment.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-default su-spoiler-icon-plus h-toaccordion includetocloseall u-indent-2 su-spoiler-closed\" data-anchor=\"section-v-b-c\" data-scroll-offset=\"50\" data-anchor-in-url=\"yes\"><div class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span><h4>c) Findings of the Commission<\/h4><\/div><div class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">\n<p>27. Concerning the publication of red notices for charges of \u2018unfunded cheques\u2019, the Commission recalled the General Secretariat\u2019s implementing rules in this type of cases, as expressed in its diffusion \u2026.<\/p>\n<p>28. The Commission determined that in the present case, the minimum threshold envisioned by the General Secretariat has been reached by far, as the amount of the cheques concerned are above \u2026 for each of the five criminal cases involving the Applicant.<\/p>\n<p>29. However, the Commission recalled that under <a href=\"https:\/\/europeancourt.org\/en\/documents\/interpol\/rules-processing-data\/#article-35\" title=\"Article 35 of INTERPOL\u2019s Rules on the Processing of Data\">Article 35 of the RPD<\/a> any data recorded in INTERPOL\u2019s files must be \u2018of interest for the purposes of international police cooperation\u2019, and that this interest shall be assessed, inter alia, in relation to the international nature of the data and the extent to which the data may be used by NCBs other than the source.<\/p>\n<p>30. The Commission found that although the offence of \u2018uttering unfunded cheque\u2019 is clearly a criminal offence under Country A\u2019s national laws, such acts would probably not be recognized as an extraditable offence in many other national systems, where the lack of dual criminality would prevent national authorities to act upon requests for police cooperation based on this offence.<\/p>\n<p>31. The Commission held that as a large number of INTERPOL\u2019s Member countries consider the inability to pay a debt or to fulfil a contractual obligation as civil matters by opposition to criminal offences, the publication of Red Notices for the charges of \u2018uttering unfunded cheques\u2019 may not, in most instances, lead in practice to actual international police cooperation.<\/p>\n<p>32. The Commission found that this issue may raise reservations as to the compliance of the data challenged with INTERPOL\u2019s Rules, and required a case-by-case analysis in each instance. Yet, in this specific instance, the Commission held that the fact that the Applicant has been convicted for the same criminal acts on five different cases involving important amounts may illustrate a fraudulent scheme of fraud, which may give rise to different charges under various domestic laws and, in fine, allow for international police cooperation. The Commission therefore held that the reservations raised earlier were not sufficient, by themselves, to conclude that the case lacked criminal nature.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"su-spoiler-title ec-fake-spoiler-heading u-indent-1\" id=\"section-v-c\">C. Compliance with Due Process and Human Rights<\/h3>\n<div class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-default su-spoiler-icon-plus h-toaccordion includetocloseall u-indent-2 su-spoiler-closed\" data-anchor=\"section-v-c-a\" data-scroll-offset=\"50\" data-anchor-in-url=\"yes\"><div class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span><h4>a) The Applicant<\/h4><\/div><div class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">\n<p>33. The Applicant claims that the proceedings against him violated his right to a fair trial, as he has never been notified of the proceedings, and as he has been judged in absentia, without the possibility to present his defence.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-default su-spoiler-icon-plus h-toaccordion includetocloseall u-indent-2 su-spoiler-closed\" data-anchor=\"section-v-c-b\" data-scroll-offset=\"50\" data-anchor-in-url=\"yes\"><div class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span><h4>b) The NCB of Country A<\/h4><\/div><div class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">\n<p>34. In response to the Applicant\u2019s claim, the NCB of Country A stated that he has fled abroad and absconded before he could be brought to justice, and that he was provided with sufficient notice of the proceedings. It also explained that the judgement was issued in absentia in accordance with the national legislation.<\/p>\n<p>35. Moreover, it stressed that the Applicant will have the right to appeal the judgements handed down in absentia upon his surrender to the Country A, and to obtain a fresh determination of the merits of the cases. Moreover, he will have the right to present his defence and to appoint lawyer(s) of his own choosing.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-default su-spoiler-icon-plus h-toaccordion includetocloseall u-indent-2 su-spoiler-closed\" data-anchor=\"section-v-c-c\" data-scroll-offset=\"50\" data-anchor-in-url=\"yes\"><div class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span><h4>c) Findings of the Commission<\/h4><\/div><div class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">\n<p>36. The Commission examined the Applicant\u2019s claims that the proceedings against him lacked due process. The Commission first recalled that its powers are limited to controlling whether the processing of data in INTERPOL\u2019s files meets applicable legal requirements in accordance with <a href=\"https:\/\/europeancourt.org\/en\/documents\/interpol\/constitution\/#article-36\" title=\"Article 36 of the Constitution of the ICPO-INTERPOL\">Article 36 of INTERPOL\u2019s Constitution<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/europeancourt.org\/en\/documents\/interpol\/commission-control-files\/statute\/#article-3\" title=\"Article 3 of the Statute of the Commission for the Control of INTERPOL\u2019s Files\">Article 3 of the Statute of the Commission<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>37. In addition, it is not appropriate for the Commission to take decisions on application of national procedural law in a manner akin to that in which a domestic appellate court re-examines the actions of a domestic court of first instance. Rather, in order to respect the spirit of the <a href=\"https:\/\/europeancourt.org\/en\/documents\/un\/universal-declaration-of-human-rights\/\" title=\"Universal Declaration of Human Rights\">Universal Declaration of Human Rights<\/a> while at the same time respecting the limited fact-finding role of the Commission, it considers all relevant information to determine whether the Applicant has convincingly demonstrated the likelihood that a flagrant denial of due process took place.<\/p>\n<p>38. In this case, as a result of its review of the above mentioned elements, the Commission finds that the information provided by the NCB of Country A, through the provision of copies of all the court decisions, is sufficient to indicate:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"u-list-indent\">\n<li>the possible effective and personal participation of the Applicant to the acts for which he has been accused in all five cases,<\/li>\n<li>the appropriate implementation of national procedures, which led to the Applicant\u2019s conviction in absentia in all five cases,<\/li>\n<li>the possibility for the Applicant to be tried again in his presence, with the assistance of a lawyer of his choosing, for all five cases.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>39. Therefore, for the purpose of this review, the Commission finds that the Applicant\u2019s claims concerning the lack of due process of the criminal proceedings against him cannot be upheld.<\/p>\n<p class=\"u-text-center\">For these reasons, the Commission<\/p>\n<p>1. 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